Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena Visual Map

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Distributed Constants Of A Transmission Line

Modern reading aid for line capacity, inductance, leakage, waves, and transients.

distributed-constants, capacity, inductance, waves

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AC Symbolic Method Redraw Sheet

Modern redraw sheet for rectangular components, resultant addition, and quarter-period j rotation.

symbolic-method, complex-quantities, phasor, operator-j

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Phasor And Symbolic Method

Modern reading aid for vector and complex-number representation of alternating quantities.

symbolic-method, complex-quantities, phase, phasor

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Impedance And Reactance Triangle

Modern guide for resistance, reactance, impedance, phase angle, and symbolic quantities.

impedance, reactance, power-factor, symbolic-method

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Candidate Figure References

Candidate	Caption lead	Section	Routes
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-008 Fig. 8	mum value is found in the following way : — Fig. 8. Let, in Fig. 6, AOB represent a quadrant of a circle with radius 1.	Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-007 Fig. 7	found in the following way : Fig. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, AOB represent a quadrant of a circle	Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-011 Fig. 11	nates by a vector, which by its length, OC, denotes the in- Fig. 11. tensity, and by its amplitude, AOC, the phase, of the sine	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-012 Fig. 12	be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ?	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-013 Fig. 13	E? 0 Fig. 13. 18. We may, however, introduce the effect of the induc-	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-014 Fig. 14	E.V o Fig. 14. of the impressed E.M.F., in the latter case being of opposite phase. According to the nature of the problem, either the	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-015 Fig. 15	—X« Fig. 15. 19. Coming back to the equation found for the E.M.F.	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-018 Fig. 18	E0 = V(^ cos w + Ir)2 -f- (E sin w + Ix)z. Fig. 18. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is leading, as -is the case when feeding condensers or syn-	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-017 Fig. 17	’E. Fig. 17. a circuit with leading current, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above.	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-020 Fig. 20	same E.M.F. and current ; or conversely, at a given primary Fig. 20. impressed E.M.F., E0, the secondary E.M.F., E^ will be smaller with an inductive, and larger with a condenser	Chapter 4: Graphic Representation	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-021 Fig. 21	ever, this becomes too complicated, as will be seen by trying Fig. 21. to calculate, from the above transformer diagram, the ratio of transformation. The primary M.M.F. is given by the	Chapter 5: Symbolic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-022 Fig. 22	the graphical representation. Fig. 22. 25. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is represented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector, Of,	Chapter 5: Symbolic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-024 Fig. 24	riod ; tJiat is, retarding the wave through one-quarter period. Fig. 24. Similarly, —	Chapter 5: Symbolic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-028 Fig. 28	-*’ Fig. 28. 34. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three- phase system be represented diagrammatically, as consist-	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-027 Fig. 27	by one-third of a period. Let the E.M.Fs. in the direction Fig. 27 from the common connection O of the three branch circuits	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-029 Fig. 29	E° Fig. 29. E.M.Fs., these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-031 Fig. 31	•I, Fig. 31. Fig. 32.	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-032 Fig. 32	Fig. 31. Fig. 32. As seen, the induced generator E.M.F. and thus the	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-034 Fig. 34	90° LAO Fig. 34. Only the circuit characteristics of the first phase are shown as ^ and z’r As seen, passing from the receiving	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-035 Fig. 35	RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE Fig. 35. current alternately rise and fall, while their phase angle	Chapter 6: Topographic Method	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-038 Fig. 38	Er Er0 Fig. 38. and the current is, /=	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-039 Fig. 39	E Fig. 39. Z-jx0 r—j(x + x0}‘	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-040 Fig. 40	of reactance in series in a non-inductive circuit is, for small Fig. 40. values of reactance, independent of the sign, but propor-	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-041 Fig. 41	-t-CONDENSANCE Fig. 41. E0 = 100 volts, and the following conditions of receiver circuit •— z= 1 Qj r = 1>0> x= 0 (Curve j)	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-042 Fig. 42	series reactance continues up to x0 = il.6, or, x0 = — %x, Fig. 42. where E = 100 volts again ; and for x0 > 1.6 the voltage drops again.	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-043 Fig. 43	\ Fig. 43. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient working acts as a condensance, we get the remarkable result	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-044 Fig. 44	x0 = 3.2 (Curve VI.) Fig. 44. Since z = 1.0, the current, /, in all these diagrams has the same value as E.	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-049 Fig. 49	tance factor, *0/r0, of the series impedance. Fig. 49. ”o	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-050 Fig. 50	”o Fig. 50. 50. As an example, Fig. 48 shows the E.M.F., E,	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-051 Fig. 51	as functions of the reactance, x, of the receiver circuit. Fig. 51. Figs. 49 to 51 give the polar diagram for E0 = 100, x = .95, x = 0, x = - .95, and Z0 = .3 -/ .4.	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-052 Fig. 52	tance,— that is, of the power consumed in the receiver Fig. 52. circuit, which in this case approaches the conditions of a	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-054 Fig. 54	JO 190 200 OHMS Fig. 54. In Fig. 54 are shown the values of /, 71} 70, 7f, in Curves I., II., III., IV., similarly as in Fig. 50, for E0 = 1000 volts,	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-055 Fig. 55	E0, with increasing load. Fig. 55. Let —	Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-081 Fig. 81	as shown in Fig. 81. Fig. 81. 92. Demagnetizing, or screening effect of eddy currents.	Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-082 Fig. 82	where / = total current in conductor. Fig. 82. The magnetic reluctance of a tubular zone of unit length	Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-086 Fig. 86	i Fig. 86. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 173	Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-088 Fig. 88	V Fig. 88. 176	Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-089 Fig. 89	\ Fig. 89. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY.	Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-090 Fig. 90	V Fig. 90. put into the line has been consumed therein, and at this point the two curves for lead and for lag join each other as	Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-094 Fig. 94	transformer is constructed thus : Fig. 94. Let, in Fig. 94, O® = the magnetic flux in intensity and	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-102 Fig. 102	Fig. 101. Transformer Diagram with 80° Lead in Secondary Circuit. Fig. 102. 202	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-103 Fig. 103	the locus gives curves of higher order. Fig. 103. Fig. 105 gives the locus of the various quantities when	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-104 Fig. 104	from the above by proportionality. Fig. 104. 133. It must be understood, however, that for the pur-	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-105 Fig. 105	°f tne transformer. Fig. 105. The resistance and reactance of the primary and the secondary circuit are represented in the impedance by	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-106 Fig. 106	z Fig. 106. 137. Separating now the internal secondary impedance	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-107 Fig. 107	Generator I, Transformer I Fig. 107. This is represented diagrammatically in Fig. 107.	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-108 Fig. 108	211 Fig. 108. admittance Y0) the exciting current, the other branches of the impedances ZJ + Z7, ZJ1 + Zn, … 2f + Zx, the latter	Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-113 Fig. 113	) Fig. 113. Substituting these values in tne above equation gives	Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-115 Fig. 115	EOG Fig. 115. 156. Thus far the diagram is essentially the same as	Chapter 16: Induction Motor	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-119 Fig. 119	ӣ> Fig. 119. Again, a maximum torque point and a maximum output	Chapter 16: Induction Motor	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-120 Fig. 120	267 Fig. 120. 268 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA.	Chapter 16: Induction Motor	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-122 Fig. 122	1000 2000 3COO 4000 fiOOO fiOOO 7000 8000 Fig. 122. Voltampere output,	Chapter 16: Induction Motor	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-126 Fig. 126	also. Thus, we havet in this case, even on open circuit, no Fig. 126. rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the E.M.F. wave	Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-127 Fig. 127	in diagram in Fig. 127. Since the armature current flows Fig. 127. in opposite direction to the current in the following-field	Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-128 Fig. 128	its maximum while the armature coil still partly faces the Fig. 128. preceding-field pole, as shown in diagram Fig. 128, — it tends	Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-129 Fig. 129	range where the alternator regulates approximately as a constant power machine, that is current and E.M.F. vary in inverse proportion, as between 130 and 200 amperes in Fig. 129. The modern alternators are generally m…	Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-136 Fig. 136	when operating in series, the coils of the transformer will Fig. 136. be without current. In this case, by interchange of power through the transformers, the series connection will be	Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-137 Fig. 137	Fig. 137, let the voltage at the common bus bars be assumed Fig. 137. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex	Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-138 Fig. 138	eral, in one of these diagrams shown in Fig. 138 in drawn Fig. 138. lines, current and E.M.F. are in the same direction, repre- senting mechanical work done by the machine as motor-	Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor	source research review
theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-139 Fig. 139	sists of three components ; the E.M.F. OE£ — Ez, consumed Fig. 139. by the impedance of the motor, the E.M.F. consumed by the impedance of the line, and the E.M.F.	Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor	source research review